A variable duty is a duty relating the customs duty collection to the price of the imported products. For example, a variable duty could be the price difference between the unit value of the imported product and the unit value of the equivalent product produced domestically in the import market. If the price of the imported goods is lower than the internal price, a variable duty is levied. Variable duties were 'tariffied' during the Uruguay Round.

Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.