Describes tariffs that are just high enough to allow domestic producers to cover their costs plus normal profits. Because industries have differing cost structures, this results in a complicated tariff structure as each industry receives tariff support apparently made to measure. Some call them tailor-made tariffs.

Source: Walter Goode: Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, Fourth Edition, (Cambridge University Press/WTO, 2003), p.219

The difference between the duty levied on an MFN basis and the duty levied under a preferential system.

The extent to which a market is accessible to foreign exporters depends on the existence and extent of trade barriers (tariff and non tariff). In the Uruguay Round, a Group of Negotiations on Market Access was established to deal with: tariffs, non tariff measures, tropical products and natural resource based products. Under the WTO, a Committee on Market Access has been established to deal with these issues. WTO Members seek to continually improve market access through the regular WTO work programme and through negotiations such as those launched at the Doha Ministerial Conference in November 2001.

A situation that occurs when a surge of imports of a particular product causes a precipitous decline in sales of similar domestically produced goods.

Source: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/trade/glossjr.htm#markdis

A tariff schedule that gives for some tariff items the maximum and the minimum rate the customs authorities may apply to imported products. Such tariffs usually were developed autonomously by national legislatures. The intention was to reward those countries perceived as having relatively open markets with the lower rates and to impose the higher rates on countries considered relatively closed. The emergence of general most-favoured-nation treatment has ruled out its use in this way among WTO members, though it would still be legal in the conduct of their trade relations with non-members.

Source: Walter Goode: Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, Fourth Edition, (Cambridge University Press/WTO, 2003), p.226

The IDB trade aggregate MFN+GSP is used in the calculation of trade weighted tariff averages (see also AVERAGE (TARIFF)). "MFN+GSP" imports include exclusively imports from countries entitled to the MFN tariff and imports from countries entitled to GSP. "MFN+GSP" trade excludes therefore imports from countries signatory to free trade agreements (e.g. EFTA/E.C., Canada/United States, etc.),  imports from countries signatory to other preferential trading arrangements (e.g. E.C./Mediterranean countries, U.S./Caribbean countries, ACP-EC Partnership Agreement, etc.) and imports receiving general treatment (from non-WTO Members in certain Members' markets).

See TARIFF QUOTA.

Quantitative restriction, which applies when the price of an imported product is below a given threshold.

See DUTY.

With respect to customs duties, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity, granted by any WTO Member to any product originating in or destined for any other country, are accorded in principle to the like product originating from or destined for the territories of all other WTO Members, under the principle of MFN treatment. GSP, FTA and other preferential trading arrangements are exceptions to the MFN treatment.

See AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING (ATC).

The idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, for example, environmental protection, food security, etc.

Multilateral Trade Negotiations conducted under the GATT and now the WTO. Eight rounds took place under the GATT and the Doha Development Agenda was launched in 2001 under the WTO:

1947	Geneva	creation of the GATT
1949	Annecy	negotiations with countries wishing to accede to GATT. During this round the focus was on tariff reductions
1951	Torquay	new accessions and tariff reductions
1956	Geneva	similar to previous rounds.
1960-1962	Geneva	the "Dillon Round". Revision of the GATT and new accessions.
1964-1967	Geneva	the "Kennedy Round". First time the formula approach was adopted (50% reduction, with exceptions) in addition to the traditional product by product approach.
1973-1979	Geneva	the "Tokyo Round". Formula tariff reductions with a view to "harmonize" the levels of tariffs. Agreements on the use of selected non tariff measures.
1986-1994	Geneva	the "Uruguay Round". Product by product approach by all participants, especially reciprocal offers and sectorial negotiations by a number of participants, to eliminate or harmonize duties in certain sectors ("zero for zero" approach). Strengthening of the GATT and its expansion to new areas (services, counterfeit goods, etc.). Active participation of developing countries offering extensively new bindings at "ceiling rates". Use of the new concept of "credit for bindings" and "recognition of autonomous liberalization measures" for developing country participants. New accessions to WTO. Creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
2002	Doha	The Doha Development Round was launched in Qatar by the Fourth  WTO Ministerial Conference in November 2001.

Refer to the Doha Agenda on the WTO website for more information on the Doha Development Agenda.